Flashing bootloaders on an ATMega328 with the internal clock enabled
The V2 Toybrain boards are getting pressed into service for an art project that I’m working on, so I’m trying to get a set of them up and running. I use Linux, so the tools for talking to AVR microcontrollers are the Arduino IDE, and avrdude, which the Arduino IDE uses.
I started today by telling the Arduino IDE that my boards are a Lilypad Arduino with an ATMega328 on them. This isn’t true, but the electrical design of the board is such that this is close enough. I also informed the IDE that I had a USBTiny ICSP programmer. That bit is true. I had high hopes (because I’m lazy, and configuring the IDE is not the problem I’m trying to solve) that this would let me just hit the “burn bootloader” option in the IDE. Such is not the case. I got the error message:
avrdude: Warning: cannot open USB device: Permission denied Error while burning bootloader. avrdude: Error: Could not find USBtiny device (0x1781/0xc9f)
I’m a normal user, and the permissions on the USB device are not such that mere users can talk to it. I figured I’d double-check by using avrdude as root (so the permissions would be ok). Then I ran into my next problem:
sudo avrdude -p m328p -c usbtiny
avrdude: AVR device initialized and ready to accept instructions
Reading | ################################################## | 100% 0.01s
avrdude: Device signature = 0x1e9514
avrdude: Expected signature for ATMEGA328P is 1E 95 0F
Double check chip, or use -F to override this check.
The version of avrdude I have is 5.11.1, and doesn’t ship with a hardware definition for the ATMega328, just the ATMega328P. The P is for Picopower, and isn’t related to anything I’m doing (it mostly relates to the technology used to make the chip, and some power handling options like brownout detection). To get around this, I opened /etc/avrdude.conf and copied the ATMega328P hardware definition. Then I changed the descriptions and a few of the fuse bytes to match the parts I do have, and saved the file. Now avrdude doesn’t flip out about my chips.
Unfortunately, programming them through the Arduino IDE is still a bad plan, as the configuration for the LilyPad Arduino isn’t close enough to the hardware I’m using. Specifically, the Lilypad/328 configuration sets the lfuse bits to use an external oscillator, and I’m using the internal oscillator. Once the bad fuse settings are burned in, the chip doesn’t communicate unless it has a 8Mhz crystal attached to it. The error message from avrdude is:
avrdude: initialization failed, rc=-1
Double check connections and try again, or use -F to override
this check.
I added a crystal (temporarily) to the bricked boards so I could reset the fuses, and they worked fine after that. One of them had the chip on 90 degrees from the proper orientation too, and gave the same error as the chips with the bad fuses, so that error can be anything from the wiring being bad to the chip being configured wrong.
To use avrdude as non-root, I put
ATTR{idVendor}=="1781", ATTR{idProduct}=="0c9f", GROUP="dialout", MODE="0666"
in /etc/udev/rules.d/99-usb-tiny-asp.rules and restarted udev. That lets users in the dialout group have appropriate access to the USB port for the programmer.
The commands to burn the fuse and flash the bootloader are:
avrdude -c usbtiny -p m328 -U lfuse:w:0xE2:m -U flash:w:/home/ams/arduino-1.6.0/hardware/arduino/avr/bootloaders/atmega/ATmegaBOOT_168_atmega328_pro_8MHz.hex
My current fuses are lfuse:0xe2, hfuse:0xda, efuse:0x05.
Now we’ll see if I can send a program to them…
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